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“Molybdate-unreactive” silica can be converted to the “molybdate-reactive” form by heating or fusing with alkali, such as in a sodium bicarbonate digestion. It is not known to what extent such “unreactive” silica occurs in waters. In at least one of its forms, silica does not react with molybdate even though it is capable of passing through filter paper being present in dissolved or colloidal form. Occasionally, a sample contains silica which either reacts very slowly with molybdate or does not react at all. The terms 'molybdate-reactive' or 'molybdate-unreactive' do not imply reactivity, or lack of it, toward other reagents or processes. Silica methods from Hach ® determine molybdate-reactive silica. The Heteropoly Blue method is an extension of the Silicomolybdate method to increase sensitivity. Analytical Procedures and Methods for SilicaĪnalytical procedures for silica include the Silicomolybdate Method for high range measurement and the Heteropoly Blue Method for low range measurement. Testing for silica (one of the first impurities detected when the exchange capacity of a demineralizer is exhausted) provides a sensitivity check of demineralizer performance. Measuring silica in water is useful when the efficiency of demineralizers is monitored. Silica levels must be kept below 0.005 mg/L (5 ppb) in very high-pressure applications. Silica deposits on steam turbine blades decrease efficiency and necessitate costly downtime for cleaning.
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These glassy deposits lower the efficiency of heat transfer and lead to premature failure. High pressures and high temperatures cause silica deposits on boiler tubes and heat exchangers. However, silica in water can cause significant problems for industries, primarily in boiler and steam applications. Silica and silicates are added to water as conditioners, detergents and corrosion inhibitors. Silica in Water can Cause Significant Problems for Industrial Water Concentrations exceeding 1000 mg/L are possible in brines and brackish water. Silica concentration in water is commonly less than 30 mg/L, although concentrations higher than 100 mg/L are not unusual. Most water contains an abundance of silicon and its derivatives, silica (SiO 2) or silicates (SiO 4 – and SiO 3 2–). Silica is used in many industrial applications, including food and pharmaceutical production, as an additive and for water filtration.
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Silica is found as dissolved silica or suspended silicate particles in most natural waters. Silicon links up with oxygen to form silicates, which are the most common suite of minerals. Let’s look at the most common methods of dealing with and removing silica.Silica, also known as silicon dioxide (SiO 2) or mineral quartz, is a derivative compound of the chemical element silicon (Si) and makes up approximately 59% of the Earth's crust and a large part of common sand. If the vinegar does not remove it, it is most likely silica. Just apply vinegar to the stains, and if they are removed by the vinegar, it is hardness. You can perform a very simple test to determine if it is hardness or silica. Sometimes when a water softener is installed, it may seem that there still is hardness in the water because of etching or spotting. Silica is frequently confused with hardness. Scale deposits will reduce the efficiency of heating and cooling and interfere with the ability to operate systems within a defined pressure range. Silica scaling can compromise the efficiency, performance, and safety of water using equipment such as boilers, turbines, piping, and even filtration systems. This is because silica can accumulate on surfaces and appear as hard mineral deposits known as scale. Removal of silica is usually done as a means of preventing wear and damage to equipment. Silica causes etching, scratching, and spotting on glassware and other fixtures.
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Typically, silica exists in two forms in the water supply: (1) reactive silica and (2) colloidal silica. Also known as silicon dioxide, or SiO2, silica is a crystalline compound that is an extremely common constituent in most rocks, minerals, and sand. Silica is formed by silicon and oxygen with another metal or mineral. Its levels range from 1 part per million to more than 100 parts per million.